Lizas Significance in War and Peace - Literature Essay Samples

Over 1300 pages long, Tolstoys War and Peace presents characters who disappear as quickly as they appeared. But every single one of them has a particular significance in the broader themes that War and Peace displays, whether that theme be love, society, personal identity, or truth. Though she fades from the narrative eventually, Liza Bolkonskaya, Prince Andrei’s wife, serves as a very important character in many aspects: she offers a foil for Pierre’s relationship with Helen, she is the bridge between rural and urban, and she develops the theme of forgiveness through Andrei. Especially important is her role as the wife of Andrei and the significance that this status has for War and Peace. Through her relationship with Andrei and her death, Liza helps to show why sexual love should not be chosen compared to other, â€Å"truer† forms of love. Indeed, Tolstoy portrays different types of relationships, from those that are purely physical, to those that appear comple tely fake, to those that seem to be perfect. Lizas role, in all this, is to help us better understand why sexual love might be less preferable than spiritual love. Liza, or the â€Å"youthful little Princess Bolkonskaya,† (8) appears as one of the first characters of the novel, before Andrei’s introduction in Chapter IV. Tolstoy labels her â€Å"the most seductive woman in Petersburg† (8) and makes every effort to make her seem like an innocent, unassuming, beautiful woman. Liza is the social butterfly of Petersburg, adored by everyone, except her husband. Andrei seems to be extremely bored by her, turning his face away from her, â€Å"with a grimace that distorted his handsome face† (15). There is no clear-cut explanation at first as to why Andrei is not extremely fond of her, other than the fact that she does not seem to be particularly intelligent or interesting, according to him. Later on, Tolstoy hints at the fact that he has changed since Liza has become pregnant and points out that this could be a reason for him distancing himself. Given this, the reader starts to sympathize with her, making her one of the onl y â€Å"like-able† characters, particularly compared to Prince Vasili or Anna Pavlovna. Through her link with Andrei and her presence in the outside world, Liza acts as a bridge between different sets of worlds, making her one of the most important minor characters. The first of these is the world of the social elite, in contrast to that of those who want no part of it (Anna, Vasili versus Andrei, Pierre). Liza brings these two spheres together, as she is inherently part of the first and is in contact with the second through Andrei. She is one of the only characters who has this position: the two worlds do not have many overlapping characters beyond her. Indeed, if we consider the rest of Tolstoys characters, all members of the Rostov family are extremely social and people-oriented; Pierre, on the other hand, is part of the elite but cannot fit into it. Liza is also the connecting point between the rural and the urban scenery. Indeed, she loves the urban setting of Petersburg and feels very confident there, but as Andrei goes to war, he sends her to live at his family e state, outside of the city. She reproaches Andrei for locking her up alone in the country, but through sending her there, she brings together those two worlds. Other characters who are associated with a rural background stay there throughout the whole novel (Count Bolkonskaya, Maria) and those associated with the urban setting of Petersburg either stay there or shuttle between there and Moscow. It can be argued that Andrei also acts as such a connecting person, but the link is less clear since he moves around in between, as a result of his being enlisted in the war. Though Liza couples the two sets of opposing worlds together, she is unable to bridge the gap between sexual and non-sexual love as it relates to Andrei. Through this inability, Liza serves as an example of the consequences of primarily sexual love, consequences that might even be worse than those of fake social interactions. Indeed, an essential theme of the novel is the intersection of women, love, and lust. Tolstoy takes after Plato to show the different types of love that exist, ranging from those that are purely physical to those that are much more spiritual. With the variety of characters that Tolstoy presents to us, he demonstrates how a relationship of lust, a relationship of love, or an arranged relationship can play out. Liza fits into this topic to show Tolstoy’s view on sexual relationships, which can be defined as relationships that have an element of physical intimacy to them, either from the start or after a period of development. Liza and Andrei’s relationship can fall into this category since there is no more psychological, love connection between them: thus, all that remains from their relationship is a child, the result of a physical intimacy. There are other relationships like this one, which can be qualified as only sexual, and Tolstoy uses these relationships to show wh at a â€Å"wrong† relationship is. Consider for example that of Natasha and Anatole. In their case, the relationship is clearly wrong as it causes Natasha extreme pain and guilt and reveals Anatole as a soulless person. For Pierre and Helene, it is not their own sexual relationship that causes trouble, but rather the fact that Helene is sexually attracted by other men and possibly cheats on Pierre. However, Liza and Andrei’s relationship is particularly important because Tolstoy pushes the idea further by showing how their sexual intimacy is not only wrong, but can also hinder something positive that was in place before. Indeed, their sexual intimacy that resulted in a child has made Andrei grow distant, making the princess think that he does not â€Å"feel for [her]† (29). She even adds that, during her pregnancy, Andrei has â€Å"very much changed† (29) and now treats her like a child (a fact underscored by the many uses of the word â€Å"childlikeâ₠¬ ). Liza feels that this is why he is deserting her by going to war. By doing so, Andrei is running away from his commitment as a father. Even after Liza’s death, that trend continues as Andrei fails to take care of his son. Furthermore, Tolstoy depicts the wrongdoings of sexual intimacy through the princess’s death. Though death during childbirth was fairly common at the time depicted in the novel, the gloominess surrounding it (given Andrei’s discontentment with his marriage and the preemptive negative feelings that the princess was having towards having her child in the countryside) makes it that much more significant. Tolstoy gives us much detail when depicting the death of Liza, saying â€Å"She was lying dead, in the same position he had seen her in five minutes before and, despite the fixed eyes and the pallor of the cheeks, the same expression was on her charming childlike face with its upper lip covered with tiny black hair.† (351) The repetition of Andrei’s reaction that â€Å"he was guilty of a sin he could neither remedy nor forget† (351) seems to indicate a sort of daunting aspect to the way Liza died. By presenting Liza as this sort of martyr, Tolstoy want s to show the dangers of sexual intimacy as the main basis for a relationship. To the question that Liza’s face asks, â€Å"what have you done to me?† (351), the underlying answer is that she has been exposed to merely sexual love. In comparison, the true love path could be that of Nikolai and Maria, who is extremely religious and pure, or of Pierre and Natasha, who both had to go through moral dilemmas in order to find peace together. War and Peace is a novel of characters struggling to find both themselves and a greater truth. A way to accomplish all this, it seems, is to access a form of pure, untarnished love, one that comes from a spiritual connection. Liza serves as a martyr to show the effects of sexual love: by detailing the guilt and the apologies that Andrei expresses, Tolstoy prepares the reader for the more satisfying love connections that evolve as this massive novel moves along. Works Cited Tolstoy, Leo. War and Peace. Trans. Louise and Aylmer Maude. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print.

Logistics and Supply Chain Management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2320 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Executive Summary In today’s rapidly changing business environment, ever-greater demands are being placed on business on every industry, such as to provide products and services quicker, with greater added value, to the correct location, with no relevant inventory position, etc. However, customers are more sophisticated by wanting more quality, design, innovation, choice, convenience and service, and they want to spend less money, effort, time and risk. Hence, every business has to deal with highly competitive situation in order to survive; Supply Chain Management (SCM) becoming the main topic for improving efficiency and satisfy customer’s need. The supply chain of a company consists of different departments, ranging from procurement of materials to customer service. Supply chain management means transforming a company’s â€Å"supply chain† into an optimally efficient, customer-satisfying process, where the effectively of the whole supply chain is more important than the effectiveness of each individual department. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Logistics and Supply Chain Management" essay for you Create order Cost involved in the Supply Chain operation and process can be significant influencing the satisfaction of customers and the whole chain efficiency. The following assignment I will be focus on the total cost concept in operating supply chains of my selected firm. Introduction Every business organization needs to delivers products to its customers. Traditionally we would have described these products as either goods or services. Then manufacturers like Sony makes electronic products or Toyota makes cars these kinds of tangible goods, while the Vodafone makes mobile or Internet service provide the intangible services. In reality, this view is rather uncertainly, some products are really a complex package that contains both goods and services. The organization that I have chosen is one of the largest computer manufacture and IT consulting company that contains both goods and services. The IBM Company. IBM is one of the world large computers and IT service provider company, it provide the computer system and almost all industry information technology service and IT related solutions for its customers. Behind their integrated management of the company, its supply chain management have involve much effort on improvement in order to be successful, the management processes start from Procurement, product lifecycle management, supply chain enterprise application, operation, planning, strategy, visibility, complex supply chain optimization, logistics business transformation to IBM asset management solutions. Logistics and Supply Chain Management Total Cost Concept Total Supply Chain Management Cost is considered to be one of the most difficult measurable costs in business management, which is defined as the fixed and operational costs associated with the source, plan, strategy and delivery within the supply chain processes. It is a cost takes into account of procurement, order management, inventory carrying, planning or finance and information technology costs. From the Supply Chain Council’s Operations Reference by Scott Stevens stated, â€Å"It is estimated that reducing the cost of your supply chain by 1 percent can be the equivalent of increasing revenues from 4 to 12 percent. It tells the cost reduce from supply chain can make a significant large profit of company. Supply chain operations provide organizations with the ability to recognize operational improvements across many areas of their value chain. IBM comprehensive supply chain management address every phase of the supply chain, from design to source to plan to build to dist ribute. It has one of the broadest portfolios of alliances with leading and emerging supply chain vendors, such as SAP, Dassault Systems and i2 Technologies. As a single source for supply chain management, IBM Supply Chain Management Services can help you address the full supply chain spectrum and help move companies from a lagging to a leading position in their industry Procurement IBM Procurement focuses on those business pressures that are driving companies to improve the effectiveness of their procurement operations to achieve better advantaged pricing, greater efficiency, tighter control of spending and improved service levels. This service area leverage IBMs strength and experience in procurement to enable IBM’s clients to better manage their enterprise spend. The IBM supply chain management services comprise a full range of procurement offerings, including: 1. ) Procurement strategy and opportunity assessment – Centralize the strategic sourcing and enable association such as spend analysis, process re-design and governance and compliance. Its deliver assignments focused on: -Procurement strategy -Opportunity assessment -Accelerated sourcing -Process reengineering -Strategic sourcing -Supplier relationship management 2. Strategic sourcing – Analysis and prioritization of key commodities for: Aggregation of spend and contract leverage to identify optimal spend strategy Implementation of governance and controls to realize the identified savings 3. ) Application implementation – For e-procurement and return on investment or benefits realization: -Package selection -Software integra tion -Content management -Supplier management It is also an integration partner for Ariba, SAP, Oracle, i2 and Perfect Commerce. 4. ) Managed solutions -Procurement business transformation outsourcing -Packaged services and technology for procurement services 5. IBM Leveraged Procurement Services – This is part of an important category of services that offers the delivery of standardized business processes, applications and infrastructure over the network via an e-business on demand environment. IBM Leveraged Procurement Services is designed to provide an affordable solution with low risk and minimal investment for managing indirect spend. This offering combines the best of Process, Hardware, Software, Integration and hosting services, Advantaged pricing from pre-established supplier relationships and Financing all into a single end package that can be adjusting scale and customize. Product lifecycle management Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) enables collaboration for innovation whether for industrial companies such as aerospace, auto or electronics or for medical devices, consumer products, and food and beverage. Product design collaboration applies to both customers and suppliers. It is also across functional boundaries with a company, such as marketing, sales, product design and after sales services. Every organization can also make cost reduction, accelerate time-to-market, and help improve new product introduction success with IBMs PLM services. PLM combines software, services and consulting to enable the integration of a companys product content across business functions and processes. The PLM solution manages the development and support of complex products and services throughout the entire lifecycle, from product design to product build to post-sale service. Product lifecycle management services that offer transformation services to assist companies in: -Market planning -Product development pipeline management -Product portfolio management -Product change management -Component/platform/asset commonality The techniques used with PLM transformation services include effective engineering and procurement integration, product development process re-engineering, and digital engineering best practices. PLM is an integral part of the depth and breadth of IBM Supply Chain Consulting and Systems Integration Services which helping clients realize significant benefits. It has more than twenty years of PLM experience with a comprehensive offering portfolio of end-to-end solutions including services, hardware and software. IBMs own research and development experience is made available to their clients. With over 3,000 researchers around the world to provide first-of-a-kind solutions delivered to clients. There is considerable added value for their customers on IBM PLM Services by the PLM Software Solution Provider and their customer work together. This includes deep PLM process and industry knowledge from IBM and PLM independent software vendors (ISVs) added to customer knowledge and experience base, accelerated deployment and solutions implementation with best practices adapted to client company and products, and reduced project risk. Supply chain enterprise applications Supply chain enterprise applications assist clients with the integration of enterprise resource planning (ERP) solutions across their supply chain to allow seamless exchange of information. ERP vendors are continuing to expand the breadth of integration through the supply chain. The main purpose of supply chain enterprise applications is to help existing ERP clients who are expanding their existing ERP solution and new clients about to integrate an ERP across their supply chain. And also these services cross all industries and include SAP, Oracle and PeopleSoft as strategic vendors. The full rage of enterprise application offerings included: Package selection – Assist clients in determining which ERP package is best achieve their requirements. Business process improvement, design and implementation – To assist customers in the implementation of their ERP solution. These services included: -Accelerators -Standard tools -Sample deliverables and solution ready for use and accessible These tools also contain templates for process and system re-engineering to accelerate the ERP delivery and expected benefits. In addition to help reduce costs and shrinkage existing systems as much as possible. Training and learning services – Educating customer’s knowledge of their ERP solution through multiple types of training techniques. Version upgrades – Bring customers up to the latest version of their ERP solution. The upgrade may include extending the capabilities of their ERP solution with new modules. Systems Synchronization – Synchronizing the multiple forms of ERP systems across the entire enterprise onto a common version of the software to optimize functionality and minimize errors caused. Supply chain operations Supply chain operations provide organizations with the ability to recognize operational improvements across many areas of their value chain. The focus areas range from customer service, product quality, cycle time, asset utilization, and operational flexibility to finance and promotions management. The full range of operations included: Operations improvement and transformation – Design and implement processes across all elements of a company’s extended supply chain, which including: -Supply/demand integration -Manufacturing -Customer fulfillment -Inventory management -Order management -Sourcing Asset management – Solutions to manage the maintenance and repair operations for an enterprise’s capital assets, including equipment, inventory and human resources associated with maintaining those assets. The aims are: -With greater equipment and facility utilization -Improved production capacity -Lower operating cost Distributed or consolidated order management – connecting customers to all areas of supply chain by focusing on solutions that enable customers to build new cross functional, cross enterprise and multi-channel processes on top of existing investments in transactional systems. The goal is to enable the visibility and efficient management of customer and product information across the new extended network. Demand management – Design and implement processes and solutions intended to enhance revenue and profitability by optimizing: -Sell through -Inventory -Product mix -Product pricing -Promotional management Supply chain event management – it build an adaptive, responsive supply chain. Sense and respond capabilities address end to end supply chain variability issues by tracking supply chain events in real-time with increased visibility. Events can be aligned against key performance indicators, as well as to identify exceptions. It also optimized operational alternatives or corrections that can apply across company’s entire supply chain. Logistics Logistics focuses on assisting clients in the management of goods through the supply chain. With the emergence of improved visibility and fulfillment tools, logistics has emerged as a key area of many companies supply chain operations. The effective implementation of new technologies in warehousing, transportation, and reverse logistics can result in significant cost reduction and customer service improvement. Logistics strategy and network optimization – Utilize analytical and requirements based methodology to develop a customized and responsive solution to address logistics network optimization opportunities Warehouse process improvement and systems implementation – Implement process and technology change to improve warehouse operations. It assisting customer with: -Distribution process envisioning -Software selection and implementation -Warehouse layout and design -Material handling equipment selection -Developing deployment strategies around the utilization of advanced technologies Transportation process improvement and systems implementation – Implement process and technology change to improve transportation operations. These assist customers with: -Transportation process envisioning -Core carrier program development -Software selection and implementation Specially focus on given to optimizing through improved delivery performance while achieving the lowest possible carrier cost. Labor management process improvement and systems implementation – Implement process and technology change to improve warehouse labor productivity. Labor tracking and management allows for: -Real time tracking of employee time -Calculation of estimated task time -Comparison of records actual vs. estimated task time -Reporting on labor performance and efficiency -Monitoring of direct vs. indirect labor -Linking of performance to compensation. Reverse logistics process improvement and systems implementation – Implement process and technology change to improve the management of returns. These included: -Returns process envisioning -Software selection and implementation Especially focus to placed on re-engineering the flow of returned goods based product disposition and value. Logistics business transformation The logistics business transformation provide business model which offer greater scope and deeper integration. The logistics transformation models include: transport, ware housing, customs brokering, third party logistics providers (3PL’s) and freight forwarders, lead logistics providers and supply chain integrators. Each type of model has different attributes with regards to customers’ relationships and pricing arrangements. IBM’s approach to logistics transformation is to deliver improved business results through continuous strategic change and the transformation or operation measured against executive business outcomes. IBM’s logistics business transformation is built on success and innovation of IBM’s own Global logistics operations. IBM’s Global Logistics Network is secure, scalable and reliable. It has delivered track record of on time performance and availability. Because IBM’s logistics infrastructure is scalable and has sufficient supplier capability, so it can easily and quickly extend solution for the customers. These are the service areas in the IBM logistics business transformation framework: Logistics strategy, network design and development -Translate business needs and priorities logistics requirements -Logistics network modeling and business case development -Logistics operations design, organization, process, IT, measurements -Best practice guidance Logistics services procurement -Sourcing strategy development industry knowledge -Supplier evaluation, selection and contract management -Supplier cost and service management Supplier relationship and performance management Logistics Operation Management -Daily logistics network management -Integrated transit visibility, event management, order status, operation metrics -Supply chain total cost and network optimization -Claims processing -Logistics supplier payment and audit -IT integration and management -Logistics operational guidance Logistics global trade management -Global trade included import / export compliance process management -Government and Customs relationship management -Duty and tax accuracy and payment minimization Supply chain security management -Global and country specific shipping procedure management Conclusion In today’s complex global network, IBM’s logistics and supply chain management is running on change oriented, the more understanding the various paths and pitfalls and landscape of change is critical for supply chain management to safely navigate through the opportunities and dangers, so their supply chain leaders around the world understand the need to drive change smartly and effectively is the ingredient of success.

The Individual Being in Hegels Philosophy Essay - 1749 Words

The only similarity between Marx and Kierkegaard – beyond disagreeing with Hegel – is they both find Hegel to be apathetic. As Kierkegaard summarized in Either/Or, and as Marx exemplifies in his many writings, either one is to resign themselves to inaction for the greater good or one commits to action regardless of the consequences. Hegel, they argue, commits himself to the former. He resigns himself to universal ethics, acting on the greater good at the expense of the individual. Here, Kierkegaard and Marx swerve away from Hegel. Kierkegaard believes the faithful must act as an individual in a relationship with God. Marx believes that the individual, acting in concert with other like-minded individuals, is key to enacting the Bloody†¦show more content†¦He suggests that Hegel resigns himself the status of a tragic hero for the greater good. Kierkegaard alss tells the analogy of the Knight of Infinite Resignation which illustrates the need to resign oneself fro m achieving a personal good in honor of the universal good. He gives the analogy of a Knight who wishes to seduce a princess, but cannot because of the greater good. Rather, he resigns himself to worship the idea of the princess and detaches himself from her physical nature. This detachment causes him to worship an abstract ideal in order to conform to the needs of the greater good. If the Knight were to have her, it would violate the ethical principals he has entrenched himself in and cause ruin upon others. He will no longer maintain the status of the tragic hero and would have acted unethically. Beyond that, the Knight of Infinite Resignation would not want the princess as her physical embodiment represents an imperfection. Kierkegaard does not like this movement. Instead, he creates the Knight of Faith, which acts on his passions. The Knight of Infinite Resignation loves the princess and idealizes her, but knows he will never have her. If he were to have her, it would ruin the i dealization of her. Her physical being would then become a roadblock towards the realization of her essence. The selfishness of the Knight of Faith becomes a form of passion. The Knight of Faith, like the Knight of Infinite Resignation, realizes the impossibility of getting theShow MoreRelatedHegel and The Phenomenology of Spirit824 Words   |  3 Pagesbasic paradigm (system) that accounts for the manner in which nature and mind or for him, subject and object, were all related. This included history, philosophy, society, art, music, and culture. It was the idea that while all things were interrelated, they were also set up to form a series of contradictions that caused conflict for humans. 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Business Plan For Clean Cleaning Services - 1120 Words

MAID TO CLEAN BUSINESS PLAN Danyell Knox Policy Strategy University Of Bridgeport EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Maid to clean cleaning services is a commercial, and residential cleaning service, which plans to target the upper, and middle-class families within the state of Connecticut. Additionally, Maid To Clean Cleaning Services will also provider-cleaning services to commercial business throughout the state of Connecticut as well. We would like to service residential customers who incomes are greater than $ 100, 000 annually, these typical customers are ages 33- 65 and live in residential homes which exceeds the value of $ 250, 000, as this particular market would be more willing to pay for our â€Å"premium services’ which will be offered as an upgrade on cleaning services already purchased. Maid to clean will also offer basic cleaning services to our commercial business, and credit business owners discounts for referrals to new business owners as well. 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Weekends are spent running errands and spending quality time with friends and family members. Therefore, many families are looking for outside assistance with housekeeping. In the past, housekeepers were thought of as the hired help and were thus treated like 18th century scullery maids. This is no longer the case. Housekeepers have reached a well-deserved level of respectability for their highly appreciated services. Starting a house cleaning business is an easyRead MoreCase Study : Kita s All At One Dry Cleaners And Laundry Services Essay1642 Words   |  7 PagesKita’s all in one dry cleaners and laundry services is a local laundry and dry cleaner company as the name suggest. Using key concepts derived from Phillip Kotler, marketing management a marketing plan was developed. The plan incorporates a careful background and situational analysis of the company which confirmed the absence of and need of a formal marketing plan. This was supported by a SWOT analysis being conducted and assessments of their market, service and sales strategy. The key objectives,Read MoreUnited States Marine Corps ( Usmc ) Base Of Military Bases Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagesthing about cleaning the gear is that Marines are taking the flak jackets apart and drying them in a dryer. The problem with that is that the outer shell will shrink so it’s harder to get the SAPI (Small Arms Protective Inserts) plates back into them. If you wash it you have to let the outer shell air dry† (Muth, 2006). This causes an extra amount of stress while trying to transition out of the military. The gear has to be clean, undamaged and the correct generation that the service member was issued

The Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman - 1041 Words

The yellow wallpaper is the most obvious symbol in this story. This symbolizes the protagonist s mind named Jane during the 19th century. The yellow wallpaper symbolizes the way women were perceived. The yellow wallpaper includes models, angles and curves so that they contradict each other. we could say that these angles represents the identity of women during the 19th century. The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, is about the control and attacks the role of women in society. What is expected of women of the 19th century is to have children, take care of the house and do only what the husband says. The man of this time have the privilege of having a good education, have their jobs and they make their own decisions. The†¦show more content†¦We know that janes was alone in her room. If a person has nervous problem like she has, the mind began to play with her. There will be point that will not know the difference between the real and the imaginary. The yellow wa llpaper represents society. The gates you see her in front of the background image symbolize freedom. The lights illuminating right through the window represents the power of men. The woman behind the gates seeks escape the control of men. Also, as it becomes more complex, she begins to see women behind it which shows the problem is worse and she become more mentally unstable. â€Å"Sometimes I think there are a great many women behind, and sometimes only one, and she crawls around fast, and her crawling shakes it all over ( Gilman 9).† women trailing behind the picture shows it feels confined to the walls of the room. The narrator breaks yellow wallpaper not willing to accept how bad is her mental state. I sometimes fancy that in my condition if I had less opposition and more society and stimulus—but John says the very worst thing I can do is think about my condition, and I confess it always makes me feel bad. So I will let it alone and talk about the house ( Gilm an ). This statement reveals the wishes of the narrator want to think independently. Here we can see how women of 19th century thought. women prefer not to think about their condition rather than fight his place in society. The narrator and her

Male domination in the Apparel Industry Free Essays

The apparel or clothing industry is a diverse industry which covers an extensive range of areas e.g. fashion, design and technology as well as products i. We will write a custom essay sample on Male domination in the Apparel Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now e. synthetic and leather yarns, beddings, human clothes. As such, the clothing industry often pertains to the fashion industry, which primarily influence by color, design, and fabric. For the case at hand, the discussion on the apparel industry would entirely focus on personal clothing from underwear, pants, shirts and accessories for people. Clothing is basic necessity in life. People wear clothing different reasons but mainly for protection from the extremities in our natural environment i.e. cold and hot temperature. However, more than just a protective garment, people used clothing as social tool to be more physically attractive or pleasant to others, to express our emotions and lifestyles, to distinguish cultural heritage, socio-economic class or profession and to create the necessary ambiance and   setting in the performance of religious, political and other rituals.   Under these premises, the apparel industry plays a significant role in the socio political history of people all over the world. While the apparel industry is primarily engaged in the design and creation of garments made from fabric, its study seemed not appealing to men as evidenced by the fact that only few male students study the discipline today. In fact, many people may have a misconception that textile and fashion is a female thing especially so because fashion and shopping normally comes in each others pocket.   Unknown to many however, the textile and fashion industry is actually dominated by men since time immemorial. The proceeding essay would show that breakthroughs in the clothing industry as well as leadership in the industry are mostly made and held by men. Men in the Fashion and Textile History The textile industry has an age old rich history provided a considerable influence in the evolution of contemporary society. The etymology of ‘Textile’ is from the Latin word ‘texere’ meaning ‘to weave’. (Miller, E. 1969, p10) Weaving is one of the ancient surviving human crafts that dated back to Neolithic times.    Today, textile pertains to the material constituted by either natural or synthetic fibers that is formed in different mechanical process i.e. weaving, knotting to join them together to produce yarns. One of the earliest forms of textiles was those from the sheep’s wool.   Ancient people produce the wool yarn through a spinning and twisting process that are manually done by hands, which provided the principles for the invention of the spinning wheel that was introduced in the late 14th century. In the next centuries to come, due to the expensive and laborious process of weaving, fashion is mainly focused on the privileged elite.   The sense of fashion and design were mainly based on the history of dresses of the royalties.   Royal members even employ court dolls or fashion babies to communicate their costumes with royalties from other lands. (Hurlock, E., 1984, P130) During these era in around 1665, France commenced to establish itself as the fashion capital of the world under the kingship of the Sun King,† Louis XIV, who is passionate and unparalleled dedication for fashion that moved him to advance textile production and fashion innovation. During this time also, fashion among men become more conspicuous from dress, i.e. lace, long hairstyles which popularize the wigs, shirts and even accessories i.e. swords and capes.   (Rubin, D.L. 1992, p78) Drastic changes in the clothing industry came about during the 1700s with the mechanization of the weaving process, which allowed mass production of the yarns and textiles.   The â€Å"flying shuttle† of John Kay in England was the first spinning machine that sped up the weaving process.   This was improved by Lewis Paul and John Wyatt who invented the roller method. (Newman, G. and Brown, L. 1997, p675) A series of male inventors led to the improvement and innovation of the weaving process namely: James Hargreaves and his spinning jenny, Sir Richard Arkwright’s spinning frame; the spinning mule by Samuel Crompton and Edward Cartwright who introduced steam powered weaving machine. The introduction of machines which allowed for the mass production of goods led to the industrial revolution in the 1800’s. Incidentally in mid-18th-century England, a group of men who went beyond the regular boundaries of fashion has emerged called the Macaroni club. (Steele, V., 1998, p28)The group was marked by its fashion extravagance and was famous for looking like women. Charles James Fox was the leader of the Macaroni and was considered as the leader of fashion. Today, the term macaroni is derogatively used to describe men who are lavish in clothes and vices. How to cite Male domination in the Apparel Industry, Essays

Male domination in the Apparel Industry Free Essays

The apparel or clothing industry is a diverse industry which covers an extensive range of areas e.g. fashion, design and technology as well as products i. We will write a custom essay sample on Male domination in the Apparel Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now e. synthetic and leather yarns, beddings, human clothes. As such, the clothing industry often pertains to the fashion industry, which primarily influence by color, design, and fabric. For the case at hand, the discussion on the apparel industry would entirely focus on personal clothing from underwear, pants, shirts and accessories for people. Clothing is basic necessity in life. People wear clothing different reasons but mainly for protection from the extremities in our natural environment i.e. cold and hot temperature. However, more than just a protective garment, people used clothing as social tool to be more physically attractive or pleasant to others, to express our emotions and lifestyles, to distinguish cultural heritage, socio-economic class or profession and to create the necessary ambiance and   setting in the performance of religious, political and other rituals.   Under these premises, the apparel industry plays a significant role in the socio political history of people all over the world. While the apparel industry is primarily engaged in the design and creation of garments made from fabric, its study seemed not appealing to men as evidenced by the fact that only few male students study the discipline today. In fact, many people may have a misconception that textile and fashion is a female thing especially so because fashion and shopping normally comes in each others pocket.   Unknown to many however, the textile and fashion industry is actually dominated by men since time immemorial. The proceeding essay would show that breakthroughs in the clothing industry as well as leadership in the industry are mostly made and held by men. Men in the Fashion and Textile History The textile industry has an age old rich history provided a considerable influence in the evolution of contemporary society. The etymology of ‘Textile’ is from the Latin word ‘texere’ meaning ‘to weave’. (Miller, E. 1969, p10) Weaving is one of the ancient surviving human crafts that dated back to Neolithic times.    Today, textile pertains to the material constituted by either natural or synthetic fibers that is formed in different mechanical process i.e. weaving, knotting to join them together to produce yarns. One of the earliest forms of textiles was those from the sheep’s wool.   Ancient people produce the wool yarn through a spinning and twisting process that are manually done by hands, which provided the principles for the invention of the spinning wheel that was introduced in the late 14th century. In the next centuries to come, due to the expensive and laborious process of weaving, fashion is mainly focused on the privileged elite.   The sense of fashion and design were mainly based on the history of dresses of the royalties.   Royal members even employ court dolls or fashion babies to communicate their costumes with royalties from other lands. (Hurlock, E., 1984, P130) During these era in around 1665, France commenced to establish itself as the fashion capital of the world under the kingship of the Sun King,† Louis XIV, who is passionate and unparalleled dedication for fashion that moved him to advance textile production and fashion innovation. During this time also, fashion among men become more conspicuous from dress, i.e. lace, long hairstyles which popularize the wigs, shirts and even accessories i.e. swords and capes.   (Rubin, D.L. 1992, p78) Drastic changes in the clothing industry came about during the 1700s with the mechanization of the weaving process, which allowed mass production of the yarns and textiles.   The â€Å"flying shuttle† of John Kay in England was the first spinning machine that sped up the weaving process.   This was improved by Lewis Paul and John Wyatt who invented the roller method. (Newman, G. and Brown, L. 1997, p675) A series of male inventors led to the improvement and innovation of the weaving process namely: James Hargreaves and his spinning jenny, Sir Richard Arkwright’s spinning frame; the spinning mule by Samuel Crompton and Edward Cartwright who introduced steam powered weaving machine. The introduction of machines which allowed for the mass production of goods led to the industrial revolution in the 1800’s. Incidentally in mid-18th-century England, a group of men who went beyond the regular boundaries of fashion has emerged called the Macaroni club. (Steele, V., 1998, p28)The group was marked by its fashion extravagance and was famous for looking like women. Charles James Fox was the leader of the Macaroni and was considered as the leader of fashion. Today, the term macaroni is derogatively used to describe men who are lavish in clothes and vices. How to cite Male domination in the Apparel Industry, Essays