Examining Property Management Information Systems Information Technology Essay

Examining Property Management Information Systems Information Technology Essay To investigation how a Hotel or Property Management Information System will help the Palma Rima hotel on their day to day running of the hotel. To identify the impacts of a Hotel/Property Management Information System. To identify how convenient it would be for the customers of the Palma Rima hotel if a Hotel/Property Management Information System is introduced. 1.3 Rational As we are in the 21st century, the researcher has been inspired to carry a research on the effectiveness of a Hotel/Property Management Information System, if introduced at the Palma Rima hotel The Gambia which does not have one, but still using the traditional way of taking reservation, checking in and out of guest, taking payment, marketing of the hotel etc. 1.4 Structure of Report The report will first introduce the Palm Rima hotels, methodology used to carry out the research, a literature review on Hotel/Property Management Information System (MIS) and will then analyse the data using relevant methods and interpret the findings presenting the report using methods and style appropriate to the audience. 2.1 Research Approach In designing a research case study, there is the need to determine the research approach to be adopted. Theories are part of a research process and the ability to develop such theories and their testing will only be possible after a research approach is determined. In an inductive research approach, theory will follow data. In this case study, the research will use an inductive approach so as to gain an understanding of Introducing a Hotel or Property Management Information System (MIS) at the Palma Rima Hotel in The Gambia. Inductive research approach as noted by Saunders et al (2007) is more than just making a cause-effect link between particular variables but also enables the understanding of the way in which humans interpret their social world. Since the research using inductive approach is likely to be particularly concerned with the context in which events occur (Saunders et al, 2007), this research will therefore look at the effectiveness of a hotel or property management info rmation system for the Palma Rima Hotel. The five points below summaries inductive research emphasis as noted in Saunders et al (2007): a close understanding of the research context collection of qualitative and quantitative data a more flexible structure to permit changes of research emphasis as the research progress a realization that the researcher was part of the research process Concern with the need to generalize This research case study will use the above mentioned stages to arrive at a conclusion of how effective it will be to introducing a Hotel or Property Management Information System (MIS) at the Palma Rima Hotel in The Gambia. The fact that concepts in this research case study are operationalised made it easier to use an inductive approach 2.2 Data Collection Methods Data collection is a time consuming process and also require enormous amount of tolerance. However, in this research case study, one method is employed to collect data and that was telephone interviews and was the only methods to be used to gather primary data. The researcher bought two international cards costing Five Pounds each to interview the front office manager at the Palma Rima hotel. 2.3 Research Methodologies Each methodology represents a different approach to evaluation. The fact that there are so many approaches in common no single methodology is the best. Which one will be most appropriate depends on the type of questions framed. Seale, J. K. (2003) 2.4 Primary Research Primary research is any type of research that you go out and collect first hand data. The researcher collected primary data through participant, observation, interviews and surveys. Driscoll, L.D. (2006) 2.5 Secondary Research Secondary research occurs when a project requires a summary or collection of existing data. As opposed to data collected directly from respondents or research subjects for the express purposes of a project, (often called primary research), secondary sources already exists i.e. The researchers will used previous research reports from tourism academic books and journals. 2.6 Qualitative Method   It is a research that consists of interviews, observations and questionnaires. The researcher found this method flexible to perform data collection subsequent analysis and interpretation of collected information. 2.7 Method of analysis The researcher will use interviews to have knowledge of how useful it will be to PalmaRima hotel to introduce a Hotel/property Management System (MIS) 2.8 Reliability and Validity The physical telephone interview has significantly increased the response to this research. The front office manager was asked to give his candid opinion about a Hotel or Property Management Information System (MIS). However, the questions asked were guided as such to avoid falsification and exaggeration of the fact that the Palma Rima hotel does not have a Hotel or Property Management Information System hence the methodology has clearly achieved a degree of reliability and validity. 3 Introductions The use of information technology in the hospitality industry has grown tremendously over the past 20 years. This journey has not always been smooth, but it has become clear that information technology is now a critical competitive weapon in the industry. Brotherton B (2003:110). Information technology was first used in the hospitality industry in the 1950s, when multinational hotel chains began experimenting with the developing field of computer science. As in most other industries, the majority of initials applications focused on accounting and automating repetitive and time consuming tasks. Software was borrowed from other industries on the assumption that it could be easily adapted for use of hospitality companies. However, such conversions were usually only partially successful and a large number of changes to business processes and procedures were often needed to accommodate the requirements of the computerized system. Moreover, the expense and technicality involved in both dev eloping and running systems made the use of computerization economical only for the largest companies. (OConnor, 1999). Tourism is a very information intensive activity. In few other areas of activity are the generation, gathering, processing, application and communication of information as important for day-today operations as they are for travel and tourism industry (Poon, 1993). Unlike durable goods, intangible and variable tourism services cannot be physically displayed or inspected at the point of sale before purchasing, as tourism services are normally bought before the time of their use and away from the place of consumption. Tourism products are therefore almost exclusive dependent upon representations and descriptions, i.e. information in print or audio-visual formats. Often these representations are made by friends and relatives, as well as the travel trade, rather than tourism principals or destinations authorities. Communications and information transmission tools are th erefore indispensable to the global marketing of the tourism industry. (Sheldon, 1997). 3.1 Brief Background of PalmaRima Hotel in The Gambia Palma Rima hotel is a 3 star hotel in The Gambia and was opened to guest in 1989 on an undeveloped part of the coastline, between the Senegambia and kotu resorts, and 340 metres to kololi beach. The initial accommodation of larger than average sized bungalows of 23 which were dotted among the palms and trees, each of 4 double/triple rooms with shower and bath, colonnaded veranda and fan or a/c unit (supplemented). These units are now accompanied by a bathing area tenement block comprises of 3 floors. Of its 60 rooms half overlook the sandy through road used cattle and locals alike and the other half overlook the lopsided cloverleaf shaped swimming pool. The pool itself is among the largest in the country and is surely among the most beautiful and equipped there are spacious sundecks with parasols, giant chess, a banana shaped childrens swimming pool area; a blue and mustard Andalucà ­a Bar; a late rite fountain; a raised bar; an entertainment section and wooden African statues. From the moon light night club, stone sided watercourses crossed 3 min-bridges enter the bird garden. 4 Literature Review 4.1 Management Information System (MIS) The principle aim of this system was to increase management effectiveness and efficiency by satisfying organisational information requirements. It commence in the 1970s and it used local data processing linked to information resources to support decision making, information system were used primarily to address the needs of internal management and co-ordination. Emphasis was also given to administration and clerical functions, as purely accounting or inventory management, while delivering added value to customers was a lower priority (Strassman, 1995; Gamble, 1994a). The strategic information system (SIS) used by hotels was to improve competitiveness by changing the nature or conduct of business; integrated ICT networks were used to achieve organisational strategic objectives, to enhance performance, and to co-ordinate activities across functional and business units line as well as to support interaction with external entities, in pursuit of competitive advantage. Personal computers enable managers to manipulate data and create their own managerial reports, statistics and follow up mechanisms by using standard and fairly user friendly spreadsheets and statistical packages. It also helps them to forecast, budget and plan, using past data and simulate models, enhancing their ability to undertake strategic decisions. (Robson, 1997; Peppard, 1993; Mc Gee and Thomas, 1988; Earl, 1988, Jackson, 1989; Wiseman; 1985) The introductions of the internet, intranet and the extranet have revolutionarized communication in the global hotel industry and enable multilevel integration and effective collaboration. It also supported both centralized and distributed computing to maximize the performances of available resources. However, this system is gradually altering the competitiveness of the hotels in the global market place and reducing the significance of location and size in the product delivery process. ICTs are used as indispensable tools for almost all business functions from production to market as it facilitate: Quick communication, Reliable and timely information transfer and retrieval, Integration of the different divisions within the organisation, Flexibility of product specifications, Sharing of information; and Achieving of common objectives. ICT offers the opportunity to target the market segment of one, i.e. each individual customer. This is only possible because ICTs support flexible and responsive value-added chains and allow consumers to repackage products through endless combinations. On the hand, ICT becomes instrumental for cost management in the industry and particularly for distribution and promotion costs. Organizations around the world have reduced their costs by reducing commission to intermediaries, by trading directly from their web page, or by paying lower distribution fees to electronic intermediaries, or by cutting commission levels and fees. In addition, redesigning processes and eliminating repetitive tasks reduced costs and increase efficiency. (Buhalis, 1998). Perhaps more importantly for tourism, ICTs support the newly important element in generating competitive advantage, i.e. time. The later not only assists organizations to share information internally and with partners, and thus maximizes their efficiency, but also allows consumers to interact constantly with tourism suppliers. Consumers can undertake entire transactions from their office or home suing the internet, on a 24- hour, 365-days a year basis. Instant confirmation and purchasing means that consumers can also maximize their own efficiency and as a result appreciate the competitive advantage of organizations based on time. Increasingly, consumers will be able to interact through mobile devices and interactive digital television, developing their capabilities further as they will be able to be connected instantly through simpler equipment and interface without having to log on to their computer. (Puhretmair et al, 2001; Zipf and Malaka, 2001) 4.2 Fidelios OPERA Hotel Property Management System Fidelio was found in 1987 in Munich and emerged as one of the leading and most innovative international system integrator for the hospitality industries. Changing the way hotels computerize and operate its software is adaptable to changing business requirements and integrates both the ongoing technological developments of industry standard computer and software systems and the organizational change experienced. Fidelio allows hotels and chains of any size and type, restaurants, cruise ships and catering and conference operators to computerize their operations and to integrate major industry software products through analysing individual requirements and appreciating their uniqueness. The latest Fidelio product is the OPERA Enterprise solution. The OPERA Enterprise solution is fully integrated suite of products consisting of modules that can be easily added or expanded allowing effective and easy deployment from smaller operators to global, multi-brand hotel chain environments. OPERA can be deployed in any size environment from a single property with just Front Office to a large, full service hotel with Sales Marketing, Catering, Revenue Management, Quality Management, BackOffice, and Material Management. In addition, OPERA Enterprise Solution offers products for a hotel chains corporate office that includes a central reservations system (CRM) for both centralized guestroom and function space sales, and an enterprise information system, the customer relationship management (CRM) specially designed for the hotel industry. The system is also design for the use of hotel bedroom key cards replacing the traditional keys for the guest bed rooms. The system is programmed to instantly cut a key for a guest on arrival and can be cancelled if lost as soon as possible. The key cards are designed in way that some hotels are using the same card to insert on the lift to operate, which an additional security for the hotels, because without a key card one cannot go up in the r ooms. The additional security is who ever last open the room can be traced if there is any problem. However it has its own problems, because it is so light in weight that guests always lost it. The OPERA Property Management System (PMU) is designed to scale according to the requirement of any size hotel or hotel chain. The OPERA Back Office is a powerful financial software suit that provides hotels with a fully integrated, flexible financial and eBusiness solution. The OPERA Reservation System (ORS) manages the hotel inventory efficiently as it is integrated with the OPERA Property Management System and OPERA Sales and Catering system. The system emulates traditional CRS functionality. While at the same time integrating the bold new technologies shared in the OPERA Enterprise Solution. Including system access via web client or any Java enabled browser. With the power of the internet, ORS is easily deployable and globally accessible. The OPERA Revenue Management provides both property based and centralized yield management and is interfaced with the OPERA Sales and catering System to analyse the value of particular group business and maximize revenue. This system registers a ny consumptions made by guest from the mini bars in the rooms and will automatically add to the guest bill. The same goes for the restaurant as well, the restaurant staff will make put all bills through the system and a charge will be made to the guest main bill. The Customer information system collects and manages guest, travel agents, source group and company profile information from designated hotel properties in a centralized database. Guest stays with detailed revenue information are also collected. The system includes a whole range of interrelated modules, including, Opera Property Management System Opera Sales Catering Opera Back Office Opera Revenue Management System Opera Central Reservations System Central Reservation System (plus web engine) Opera Quality Management System Opera Materials Management System Opera Palm Customer Information system Enterprise Information System All of these are interrelated and interconnected, enabling hotels to use the system internally, (Intranet), externally with partners (extranet) and as a window on the world (internet). Buhalis D, (2002: 19). However, these few points are to be remembered when a hotel is operating using the OPERA system as system can fail at any time. Local backups need to be made by local staff and stored offsite. Web based and local based inventory need to synchronize regularly Local hardware to be maintained including UPS and air conditioning 4.3 Distribution of Information The industrys use of technology has moved beyond one of merely controlling operations towards a more strategic role. However, a variety of challenges still remain if the industry is to maximize the benefits it can potentially gain. The greatest lies in the effective use of the data collected during the day to day operations. Customer relations management (CRM), is a strategic orientation of offering individual services to guests based on their relationship with the hotel, is widely regarded as the managerial tool to achieve this kind of differentiation. Almost since the beginnings of the industry, luxury hotels have maintained comprehensive records of the preference and spending habits of their of their most frequent guests, known as history systems, such information systems were originally maintained on manually updated paper index cards and use to provide the exceptional personalized service for which such hotels were famous. (OConnor, 1999). The growth in the use of hotel computerized systems means that most of the guests transactions are now being recorded in electronic format. Developments in communications means that such data can be collected and consolidated, allowing a central database to be updated automatically as guest transaction occur. As a result, instead of just storing the guests name, c ontact details and basic information on their aggregate spending to date, there is an increasing trend towards full-folio storage, where details of each individual transaction are added to the central data warehouse for subsequent analysis. This potentially allows an accurate, in-depth picture to be built up of each guests likes and dislikes, which could subsequently be used to provide a more personalized service. This could be done across multiple units, increasing the consistency of service and the value of the brand. The database can also be analysed for patterns, both at the individual guest and aggregate levels- a process often referred to as data mining (IBM, 2001). For the individual guests. This should result in more closely customized offers than perhaps actually interest them instead of the usual mass market junk mail. Taking such a one to one marketing approach is acknowledge bringing benefits in term of lower costs and increasing customer loyalty. Hotel companies such as Starwood, Bass and Hilton are leading examples of the successful use of such database marketing techniques. Each uses analysis of their corporate database to improve the targeting of marketing and sales efforts, resulting in increased response rates and reduction in the costs of direct marketing (OConnor, 2001b). 4.4 Supply Chain Management A review of various trade journals suggests that electronic commerce (e-commerce) required a new business model that allows lodging companies to proactively gather the necessary intelligence for understanding customers expectations in real time. By combining these two objectives, a hotel company can gain a powerful position and differentiate its lodging service from those offered by market competitors. Such an approach can be accomplished by implementing technologies to the supply chain by integrating front end applications such as customer relationship management with back office activities such as e-procurement (Turban et al, 2002, p.656). A complete e-commerce model for SCM combines both the front end and the back end systems as shown in Fig. 1. E-commerce offer enormous business opportunities to increase revenue while reducing operating costs. The complimentary between e-commerce and SCM also has been supported by many scholars (Corsi and Boyson, 2003; Frohlich and Westbrooke, 20 01; Gurau et al., 2001; Lancioni et al., 2003; Skjott-larsen et al, 2003). However, studies in the tourism and hospitality industry have primarily focus on customer perspective (Heung, 2003). Front-end applications of e-commerce have been widely used in the lodging industry but not much has been explored on the back-end system or the operation side. SCM has been defined by (Cooper, 2000 Lambert et al., 1998) as the integration of key business processes from the end user through original suppliers that provides products, services and information that add value for customers and stakeholders. (Lambert and Cooper, 2000, p.66). For the lodging industry, the SCM concept or philosophy has been practiced to certain extend. The Aberdeen group (2000) characterized the US hotel sector as a highly fragmented industry, representing more than 50,000 hotel properties that purchased from more than 10,000 suppliers. With such fragmentized network vulnerable to the inefficient control of purchasing procedures, the lodging industry is facing significant challenges for managing procurement practices. To take on these challenges, the first step is to understand the core of SCM in the context of the lodging business. 4.5 The Procurement Process Another that has attracted much attention, due to its potential for creating efficiency gains, is that of procurement. Here focus on IT that enables external integration with partners in the value chain, rather than narrowly focusing on automated internal operations. Traditionally the hospitality sector has had an inefficient purchasing process. Multiple units, fragmented supply chains and inefficient business processes all adversely affected the purchasing process by creating inefficiencies and increasing costs. In general, unit level staff managed procurement, and there was a high frequency of low value orders to multiple suppliers, which resulted in high administrative costs. Even where contracts existed for specific products, the unpredictability of hospitality operations meant that Maverick purchases from unapproved vendors were, and still are, common, further increasing costs. Using technology to facilitate the purchasing process over-comes many of this problems while potential ly creating some others. By digitalizing the processes involved in purchasing, great efficiencies can be achieved when sourcing, specifying, ordering, tracking deliveries of and paying for, purchases. In effect e-procurement involves electronically managing the entire purchasing process from product identification through requisition to payment. The process requires extensive and accurate performance data. Not only will an e-procurement solution help to capture aggregate purchases by purchased product codes, but will also help to chronicle the derails in a suppliers performance record including delivery and quality level performance. 4.6 Communicating Information All telecommunications (telephone, telex and fax) have been used extensively throughout the tourism industry worldwide. Although telephone conversation is a personal and direct way of communication, linguistic problems, time zone differences and its prohibitive cost limit its international usage. Telex for years the most prominent communication method and has contributed greatly to communications in the tourism industry. As transmits text reliable and inexpensively without requiring the simultaneous availability of sender and receiver, it has been extensively used especially in regions with inadequate telephone networks. However as computer communications and faxes prevail, the telex is limited to communication with developing world countries with unreliable telecommunications infrastructures and it is gradually being transformed into a computer based system using a different communication network. The commercial introduction of the telefax in the 1980s allowed the transmission of im ages over phone lines and enhances the efficiency of tourism operations significantly. Although its operational is the same as transmission of readily available documents and graphics. Fax technology does not require technical skills or the simultaneous presents of sender and receiver, and therefore has penetrated the tourism market place very efficiently (Beckman, 2001). In the pre-internet era, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) used computer net-work to enable computer file interchange of standard transaction documents such as invoices bills or purchase orders between organizations. EDI transmits structured transactions with distinct fields, such as transaction data, amount, sender and recipients name. These assist organizations in exchanging information, order and invoices without human involvement. In tourism, for example, this can be used for travel agencies to transfer bookings to a tour operators suppliers. Invoices can be directed backwards and payment receipts can be generated automatically by the system. EDI therefore enhances communication efficiently and reduces labour transaction costs and encourages firms to continue doing business with their partners. Although EDI is still used for large amount of transactions mainly between large organizations, transactions and interchanges on the internet have replaced EDI with extranets and have also enable smaller players to take advantage of the efficiency that networking provides. (Laudon and Laudon, 2002; Reynolds, 1992) 5 Findings and Analyses This chapter will give the synopsis of the data collected from the interviews and later give discussions in relation to the research questions 5.1 Management Information System (MIS) Because the PalmaRima hotel does not have the Property Management System the hotel lacks a local data processing linked to information resources to support decision making, information systems are used primarily to address the needs of internal management and co-ordination. As there is no computer at the reception it makes it difficult for the front office manager to manipulate data and create his own managerial reports, statistics and follow up mechanisms by using standard and fairly user friendly spreadsheets and statistical packages. 5.2 Fidelios OPERA Hotel Property Management System In response to this point, it is noted from the data collected that all reservations, checking in and out guest, Marketing, Catering, Revenue Management, Quality Management, BackOffice, Material Management are all done manually. 5.3 Distribution of Information The growth in the use of hotel computerized systems means that most of the guests transactions are now being recorded in electronic format. Developments in communications means that such data can be collected and consolidated, allowing a central database to be updated automatically as guest transaction occur. This is not happening in the case of the PalmaRima hotel, which makes it very difficult for the front office to get their repeat guest profiles. 5.4 Supply Chain Management Based on the research the PalmaRima hotel cannot implement technologies to the supply chain by integrating front end applications such as customer relationship management with back office activities such as e-procurement. The Aberdeen group (2000) characterized the US hotel sector as a highly fragmented industry, representing more than 50,000 hotel properties that purchased from more than 10,000 suppliers. With such fragmentized network vulnerable to the inefficient control of purchasing procedures, the PalmaRima hotel is facing significant challenges for managing procurement practices. To take on these challenges, the hotel first step is to understand the core of SCM in the context of the lodging business. 5.6 The Procurement Process Using technology to facilitate the purchasing process over-comes many of this problems while potentially creating some others. By digitalizing the processes involved in purchasing, great efficiencies can be achieved when sourcing, specifying, ordering, tracking deliveries of and paying for, purchases. Not only will an e-procurement solution help to capture aggregate purchases by purchased product codes, but will also help to chronicle the derails in a suppliers performance record including delivery and quality level performance for the Palma Rima hotel 5.7 Communicating Information Computer communications and faxes prevail, the telex is limited to communication with developing world countries with unreliable telecommunications infrastructures and it is gradually being transformed into a computer based system using a different communication network. (Beckman, 2001). Based on research the PalmaRima hotel communicates internally by forms only but by introducing the MIS they will benefit by using the intranet to communicate internally and would be a great help to communicate externally by extranet especially to suppliers. 6 Conclusions In other for the hotels to strengthen the organisations business initiatives and maximise profit, they need to overcome the obstacles presented its legacy technology system. In the case of PalmaRima hotel they realised that their manual reservation system becoming more and more ineffective, primarily resulting in loss of financial controls and staff productivity. As a result, the way we live and work in most societies around the globe has been significantly altered. Automated industrial production has enabled a greater total output as well as better planning and quality control. Over the last few decades, the progress in information technology has revolutionalized both the global economy and enterprises. The development and application of computerised systems has accelerated rapidly and enabled their use in a wider range of functions and activities. Technological developments have also introduced a wide range of new tools for the strategic and operational management of organisations. Increasingly technological convergence integrates software, hardware and net ware and supports inter-operability and interconnectivity. In addition, the integration of the internet, extranet and intranets enables organisations to interact dynamically with different actors and stakeholder. The PalmaRima hotel can enhance their performance by empowering their strategic marketing and management efforts through supporting their functions with advanced ICTs. This will enable them to improve their networking and ultimately to improve their virtuality. Technological change alters jobs, creates new skills, makes occupations obsolete, and revises what employees need to learn and be trained to do. Sometimes, new technologies require new job designs. Technology can also be used for recruiting, training and maintaining database for employees. E-recruitment is b eing used by a lot more companies now, sinc

Comparative Commentary Text 1 Those Winter Sundays, Text 2 The Boat Essay

Text 1 and Text 2, both have the common theme of fathers. Text 1 is a poem titled â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† by Robert Hayden, while Text 2 is an extract of the short story â€Å"The Boat† by Alistair Macloed. The purpose of Hayden is to tell the story and to tell younger people to appreciate their father; on the other hand Alistair MacLoed’s purpose was to entertain the audience. The common theme are the fathers, both texts narrate the story and the relationship between a father and a son. Both texts show how they treated their fathers in a careless way but then realized they shouldn’t have. In text 1 he realizes too late, and he can’t do anything to change it, however in text 2 the character realizes just on time and starts loving his father and appreciating what he does. There are several other similarities and differences like the fact that both fathers do hard work and they probably belong to the working class or even to the poorer class. This can be seen as in text 1 the father had hands that â€Å"ached from labour in the weekday†; in text 2 the father is a â€Å"fisherman†. Both fathers dedicate lots of their time and effort to their families, in text 1 the father wakes up really early so he can warm the room for his children to wake up into a comfortable room while in text 2 the father sacrificed his â€Å"dreams and inclinations† and lived a life doing what he really did not want for the benefit of the family. Similarities are also found in the tone. The tone in both texts is regretful. In text 1 the regretful tone is suggested through the description of the father, â€Å"Cracked hands that ached† as this increases our empathy towards the father, furthermore in text 2 the regretful tone is suggested through the description of the father’s action as â€Å"he burned and reburned over and over again†. This is also to increase empathy. Increasing the empathy helps us connect more to the author and be able to understand his regret. Another way through which regret is portrayed in text 1 is thought Robert Hayden’s last lines, with the rhetorical question at the end â€Å"What did I know,† This quote shows how Hayden has now realized how much effort his father had put into the family, this also shows how Hayden feels that it is too late to do something now that he has realized. In text 2 the tone of regret is portrayed not only through the description of the father but also through how the short story develops. The structure of text 1 is very different to text 2, first of all the fact that text 1 is a poem and text 2 a short story. As it was already mentioned, the regretful tone in text 2 is transmitted through the development of the story; the story is structured in paragraphs. The structure of the short story is very important as it starts by setting the scene as it describes the â€Å"good summer†. In the second paragraph Alistair MacLoed describes the father and how he suffers and keeps on working, â€Å"his lips still cracked so that they bled when he smiled†, this starts creating a tone of guilt as the character saw his dad suffer and did nothing. In the third paragraph we notice some transformation as he starts to realize the hard work his father does but it’s in the last paragraph is where we see the biggest change as he changes his attitude and starts loving his father. Structure is also very important in text1, the poem. It is a short poem that contains 3 stan zas. There is no rhyme in the poem as rhyme introduces a happy, joyful connotation; Robert Hayden decided not to include rhyme as this poem corresponds to a melancholic and sad relationship between father and son. When it comes to sentence lengths, text 1 contains 5 sentences, they are very different in sentence length as we have a very short one, â€Å"No one ever thanked him.† and really long ones as the 4th sentence, which takes up 6 lines. The poem isn’t structured as a poem but as a narrative, if the same text would not be in stanzas it would be a narrative. However in Text 2, as the text is structured in paragraphs, we can see how the sentences change depending on which paragraph they are in. For example, in paragraph 2, the one that tells us the dad’s sacrifices the sentences are long and the use lots of â€Å"and†, this gives a sense of continuous and a sense of repetition, which makes you feel the father’s pain. It is a very effective sentence a s it increases the empathy. Both texts have similarities and differences regarding language. Text 1 ends with a rhetorical question, this rhetorical question increases the regret already portrayed in the poem and the feeling of guilt as it is already too late to change anything and previously he hadn’t noticed his father’s effort. The diction through out the poem is quite simple, as the poem is directed to young people. Robert Hayden used imagery to create empathy towards the father as he is described as waking up in the â€Å"blueblack cold† and his â€Å"cracked hands that ached†. The use of the words â€Å"chronic angers† suggest tension in the family and opens the possibility of a long lasting fight happening inside the house, â€Å"speaking indifferently to him† also adds into the suggestion of tension in the house and the use of the word â€Å"indifferently† creates guilt as he treated his dad in an indifferent way. Furthermore Alistair MacLoed, the author of text 2 uses common diction through out the short story, the diction in both texts is very similar. MacLoed uses several times the word â€Å"and† there are several purposes for the use of the word â€Å"and†, at the beginning, when describing the father’s effort the word â€Å"and† is used for repetition as it increases the effect of empathy in the sentence. Later on in the story the word â€Å"and† is used to link ideas and to establish a good relationship between father and son as the text reads with a happier but still regretful tone. In conclusion both texts have clear similarities and differences as they both shared the topic of fathers and their relationship with their sons, though they have different purposes and therefore differences.

Learning Team Skills and Assessment Paper

In the University of Phoenix curricula GEN480 Capstone course, Learning Team C represents a somewhat diverse group of skills. Based on a matrix of categories including field of expertise, strengths, business skills, computer skills, and language, the four members of Learning Team C shared their self-assessment in each of these. It is interesting that there is a good complement of customer service, leadership, business acumen, computer skills, and even some additional foreign language skills. Patrice Davis – A strong customer service background with good listening and communication skills. Patrice is also team-oriented and has good basic computer skills. Cindy Jost – A member of management, Cindy has experience in the travel industry and in addition to leadership, lists communication, negotiation skills and software knowledge as strengths. Silvia Miller – Silvia represents the quality assurance management side of commercial banking. Her strengths are leadership, people skills, flexibility, software knowledge, and speaks three languages including fluent Portuguese. Mike Wray – Seasoned leader and manager with a focus on health care supply chain management. Mike brings experience in common-sense approach process improvement and good communication skills. He also has a good understanding of software and databases and their best application. The skill of these positions is a combination of personal strengths, business skills and computer skills. The personal strengths range from professionalism to social skills, from dependability to honesty, from ambition to understanding, and trustworthiness to leadership skills. From the examination of the skills listed it appears that the skill required in most functions listed is public speaking and presentation skills. Although public speaking always has been recognized in the business community, the online learning program does not incorporate this class into their curricula. Public speaking and presentation skills are essential in the management and leadership field. The student can overcome the fear of facing people, and can improve their communication skills. For instance, in a job interview, the interviewer judge the person based on their qualifications but also the ability to deliver a good public speaking session. For a college student the ability of deliver good public speaking session are also tested. Unfortunately, the clarity of the speaking skills cannot be heard because of the online learning environment. There are many things you can do to improve your public speaking skills: Preparation of the presentation: Good public speakers prepare the material to be presented. He or she will outline the presentation to have a clear view of what the speech is about. Also, they know their audience. Tell a Story: This is one of the best tools available to use to persuade other people. Use your voice effectively: To keep people interest about the story, a voice variation is important for instance the use of pause and voice excitement. Use your body: this is extremely important when communicating because you need to engaged your listeners. Another way through which a person can become more effective at public speaking is to become a member of Toastmasters International. â€Å"Toastmaster International is a nonprofit organization that offers a proven and enjoyable way to practice and hone communication and leadership skills† (Toastmasters, 2010). In fact, based on the description of experience and skills presented on the Team C Matrix, the team presented two consulting firms as potential employers. Consulting firms are a popular career choice for college graduates. As the need for specialized professionals in areas of business is growing so is the specialization of consulting firms. Three consulting firms that make a good match based on Team C’s skill set include Navigant Consulting a management firm, Pricewaterhouse Cooper LLP an accounting firm and Mercer LLC a firm specializing in human resources (List of Top Consulting Firms, 2010). The benefit for companies to hire a specialized consulting firms is to ensure a better delivery, quality and over all monitoring of their current project. Team C’s members bring a variety of skills to the hiring table. When searching for companies to apply to the goal is to finding the best fit base on experience and education. Navigant is a management consulting firm out of the greater Chicago area (Navigant Consulting, 2011). The team member that would best be employed with Navigant is Michael Wray. Based on his leadership skills and management expertise is a good fit here. Silvia Miller is the team member with a financial background so the best fit for this team member is a position within the firm of Pricewaterhouse Cooper LLP. Pricewaterhouse specialty is accounting (PWC 2011). Mercer is a company focused in Human Resources which is also part customer service (Mercer, 2011). This company has career paths that will meet the need of all Team C’s members but Patrice Davis and Cindy Jost would be the best fit here because of their customer service expertise. Some needed skills are a continual thirst for learning. Once a person stops, learning one also stops growing. Also can be a hindrance in the ability to be innovative and creative. This skill is sometimes obtained through company-sponsored classes, seminars, and incentives to attend and complete such company sponsored learning opportunities. Another needed skill is statistics and research design. This is researching in-house to define the research problem, find an answer by designing a study and the appropriate instruments. Coding, analyzing, reporting, and making recommendations on the discoveries of the defined problem is a part of research design. This skill is obtained only if the company sees this as an asset and important to the company. If the case, someone can be brought in who has experience in statistics and research design. Cross-cultural understanding is also a skill needed because in this economy more minorities are entering the workforce all the time. This skill is obtained through company sponsored cultural days or seminars. Possessing a business skill is a needed skill. Employees need to have â€Å"business savvy† a combination of technical training and interpersonal skills. This skill is obtainable by one receiving technical training and the teaching of good interpersonal skills, preferably during achieving education prior to entering the workforce.

children and young peoples workforce - 13946 Words

EYFS Statutory Framework Contents Section 1 – Introduction Purpose and aims 2 Context and legal responsibilities 2 About this document 3 A principled approach 4 Setting the standards Providing for equality of opportunity Creating the framework for partnership working Improving quality and consistency Laying a secure foundation for future learning 4 4 5 5 5 Section 2 – Learning and Development Requirements Overview of the areas of learning and development 7 The early learning goals and educational programmes Personal, Social and Emotional Development Communication, Language and Literacy Problem Solving, Reasoning and Numeracy Knowledge and Understanding of the World Physical Development†¦show more content†¦These three frameworks are replaced by the EYFS and will be repealed. 5. The EYFS will be given legal force through an Order and Regulations made under the Childcare Act 2006. From September 2008 it will be mandatory for all schools and providers in Ofsted registered settings attended by young children – that is children from birth to end of the academic year in which a child has his or her fifth birthday. The term â€Å"early years provider† includes maintained schools, non-maintained schools, independent schools, and childcare registered by Ofsted on the Early Years Register, all of which are required to meet the EYFS requirements. . 6. It is the legal responsibility of these providers to ensure that their provision meets the learning and development requirements, and complies with the welfare regulations, as required by section 40 of the Childcare Act 2006. About this document 7. This document forms part of the statutory framework for the EYFS. It sets out the learning and development requirements (the early learning goals; the educational programmes; and the assessment arrangements) in Section 2 and the welfare requirements (safeguarding and promoting children’s welfare; suitable people; suitable premises, equipment and environment; organisation; andShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Communication in the Children and Young Peoples Workforce2122 Words   |  9 Pageswithin the Children and Young Peoples Workforce. The structure of communication is used by passing a message, receiving the message and replying to the message which is an essential and a basic skill of life. There are different types of communication, which are: Verbal Communication and Non-verbal communication. The reasons why people communicate is to express/portray our feelings and needs. We also need to communicate in order to build positive relationships with other professionals, children/youngRead MoreCache Level 3 Diploma for the Children and Young Peoples Workforce (Qcf) England1555 Words   |  7 PagesUnit title: principles of implementing duty care in health, social care or children’s and young people settings  Ã‚   Unit number:  SHC 32  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unit reference:  R/601/1429      Unit level:  3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unit credit level value:  3      |  Name:   |Annam  Khan   |Today’s date:   |   |    1. Understand what is required for work competence in own work role.   1.  Describe the duties and responsibilities of ownRead MoreDepartment of Care and Professional Studies Edexcel Level 3 for Children and Young People’s Workforce Unit 13 Promoting Children’s Learning and Development in the Early Years Assignment Task 1 Direct Observation598 Words   |  3 PagesDepartment of Care and Professional Studies Edexcel Level 3 for Children and Young People’s Workforce Unit 13 Promoting Children’s Learning and Development in the Early Years Assignment Task 1 Direct Observation and Professional discussion Assessment Criteria (Unit 13) 1.3 explain how the documented outcomes are assessed and recorded 2.2 engage effectively with children to encourage the child’s participation and involvement in planning their own learning and development activitiesRead MoreAssignment 034 Understand the Needs of Children and Young People Who Are Vulnerable and Experiencing747 Words   |  3 PagesAssignment 034 Understand the Needs of Children and Young People who are Vulnerable and Experiencing Poverty and Disadvantage Assignment overview Introduction The assignment forUnit 034 asks you to demonstrate your knowledge and understanding of the needs of children and young people who are vulnerable and experiencing poverty and disadvantage. 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Mark Twain s The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn - 2561 Words

On January 20, 2009, Barack Obama was sworn into office as the 44th President of the United States of America. As the first African American president, Obama started a legacy of change in America, as well as a legacy of newly unveiled prejudice and racism that has plagued African Americans for centuries. Obama’s inauguration helped uncover racism in government that did not end with the abolishment of slavery. Discrimination against free African Americans has been a problem in this country since before the idea of unlawful enslavement was discussed. Mark Twain contributed to the discussion of post-Civil War racism with his novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In this novel, Jim, an escaped slave, is freed via his owner’s death,†¦show more content†¦As a white male, Tom does not want a black man to be allowed the same privileges as him, because he believes that his rights will be insufficient to his needs if they are permitted to one he deems as lower than himself. However, from a free African American’s point of view, there is no reason as to why one should be denied rights based on the color of one’s skin. In Frederick Douglass’s open letter, â€Å"To My Old Master,† he defends his African American race, while denying the pretensions of the white race: The morality of the act, I dispose as follows: I am myself, you are yourself; we are two distinct persons, equal persons. What you are, I am. You are a man, and so am I. God created both, and made us separate beings. I am not by nature bound to you, or you to me. Nature does not make your existence depend upon me, or mine to depend upon yours. (Douglass 3) The notion that a free African American and a slaveowner could be â€Å"equal persons† in itself was considered blasphemy in the antebellum South, however today it is seen as a basic facet of life: it is against the laws of nature for a person to own another living person. With this fact in mind, there should be no reason as to why an African American and a white person cannot be equal today, despite the fact that modern political racism can deny rights based on reasons that have never been a problem with whites guilty of the same alleged problem. Once again, the

How to Choose Wpa Essay Samples

How to Choose Wpa Essay Samples The simple fact it is dependent on endpoint security protection usually means that it's prone to security breaches. Temporal Key Integrity Protocol is utilized to supply a more secure and trustworthy encryption that Wired Equivalent Privacy couldn't provide. WPA2 is far better than WPA is since it does not utilize temporal key integrity protocol that was always a loop hole in WPA security. Nowadays it's used WPA2 also, an encryption that does not have any known weaknesses. Essay writing is often practiced is schools. Also, if you're actually practicing writing out essays, the Writing Center is an excellent place to receive direct feedback and advance your writing abilities. There's no ideal solution on how best to compose an effective essay. It's very valuable to take writing apart so as to see just the way that it accomplishes its objectives. It is a tough process in essay writing when you don't have a structure to follow. Among the examples of documents that are required to be keenly written is a report. Additionally, it gave the powerless the chance to play the function of the powerful. Roosevelt, in a try to curb the impacts of the depression, created the New Deal. For instance, the WPA made an important influence on Oklahoma. The WPA helped the USA get from the good depression, and it would help the USA get out of our present-day recession, and back on the route of succeeding. Here's What I Know About Wpa Essay Samples 1 sort of colorimeter can discover the concentration of a substance in solution, depending on the degree of color of the solution. The first for example is that it's quite easy crack. Explain the auto connection better. S tart looking for formatting mistakes regarding line and paragraph spacing. Unique things to various men and women, since the situation demanded. If you'll create any sort of written examples, you should assure people are well aware on where to use them, how to use them, and why it's vital for them to refer to the example which you have made. As a consequence, you get a wonderful deal of free time and completed homework. You're able to actually take this up to 12 times, which I don't think anyone actually needs that lots of tries. The Wpa Essay Samples Pitfall The interconnection between one or more access points in a particular area is known as a hotspot. It utilizes the typical FMS attack. Now access is completely free and unlimited. This can be an immense problem in high-density locations. Following this comment, the author offers several information about the elephants' right to live. Using criticism utilized by the author points out that individuals have a tendency t o forget the previous great deed one time a calamity perceived to have resulted from negligence hits an organization. However, he describes it well enough that evaluators do not need a name to know what the writer is discussing. He starts with a very detailed story of an event or description of a person or place. Some consider essay writing a burden while some see it like a chance to share their ideas and opinions. To compose an impressive short essay, especially during an examination, you have to be in a position to hit the question and offer a straightforward answer while at the exact same time observing the most suitable structure of an essay. Bridget's essay is quite strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. Stephen's essay is rather effective. You should outline all characteristics of the prompt. It's given as a typical school assignment and a crucial part in an examination collection. Research on the items of discussion you will present so your report will be dependent on facts. Participating in such a massive study from beginning to finish has validated my interest in academic research for a profession. Using telecommunication and computers immediately develops into the expression information technology that becomes a famed jargon in the present sophisticated information era. In laptops it's commonly used mini pci cards. The majority of these cards are only able to get to the B technology of Wi-Fi, therefore, not allowing to gain from too significant transmission rate. The author points out the amount of projects he thinks could be of advantage to the community as 10,000. This site has all of the information that you will need. Promoter, receive a new flyer designer. In addition to its growing cultural and ethnic diversity, State University is turning into a master at developing a niche for each and every student.

How Is Psychology Used In Everyday Life Essay Example For Students

How Is Psychology Used In Everyday Life Essay Piaget called the schema the basic building block of intelligent behavior – a way of organizing knowledge. Indeed, it is useful to think of schemas as â€Å"units† of knowledge, each relating to one aspect of the world, including objects, actions and abstract (i. e. theoretical) concepts. When a childs existing schemas are capable of explaining what it can perceive around it, it is said to be in a state of equilibrium, i. e. a state of cognitive (i. e. mental) balance. Piaget emphasized the importance of schemas in cognitive development, and described how they were developed or acquired. A schema can be defined as a set of linked mental representations of the world, which we use both to understand and to respond to situations. The assumption is that we store these mental representations and apply them when needed. For example, a person might have a schema about buying a meal in a restaurant. The schema is a stored form of the pattern of behavior which includes looking at a menu, ordering food, eating it and paying the bill. This is an example of a type of schema called a script. Whenever they are in a restaurant, they retrieve this schema from memory and apply it to the situation. The schemas Piaget described tend to be simpler than this especially those used by infants. He described how as a child gets older his or her schemas become more numerous and elaborate. The illustration (above) demonstrates a child developing a schema for a dog by assimilating information about the dog. The child then sees a cat, using accommodation compares existing knowledge of a dog to form a schema of a cat. Animation created by Daurice Grossniklaus and Bob Rodes (03/2002). Piaget believed that newborn babies have some innate schemas even before they have had much opportunity to experience the world. These neonatal schemas are the cognitive structures underlying innate reflexes. These reflexes are genetically programmed into us. For example babies have a sucking reflex, which is triggered by something touching the babys lips. A baby will suck a nipple, a comforter (dummy), or a persons finger. Piaget therefore assumed that the baby has a sucking schema. Similarly the grasping reflex which is elicited when something touches the palm of a babys hand, or the rooting reflex, in which a baby will turn its head towards something which touches its cheek, were assumed to result operations: for example shaking a rattle would be the combination of two schemas, grasping and shaking. Assimilation and Accommodation Jean Piaget viewed intellectual growth as a process of adaptation (adjustment) to the world. This happens through: Assimilation – Which is using an existing schema to deal with a new object or situation. Accommodation – This happens when the existing schema (knowledge) does not work, and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation. Equilibration –This is the force, which moves development along. Piaget believed that cognitive development did not progress at a steady rate, but rather in leaps and bounds. Equilibrium is occurs when a childs schemas can deal with most new information through assimilation. However, an unpleasant state of disequilibrium occurs when new information cannot be fitted into existing schemas (assimilation). Equilibration is the force which drives the learning process as we do not like to be frustrated and will seek to restore balance by mastering the new challenge (accommodation). Once the new information is acquired the process of assimilation with the new schema will continue until the next time we need to make an adjustment to it. Jean Piagets concept of adaptation Example of Assimilation A 2 year old child sees a man who is bald on top of his head and has long frizzy hair on the sides. To his father’s horror, the toddler shouts â€Å"Clown, clown† (Sigler et al. , 2003). Example of Accommodation In the â€Å"clown† incident, the boy’s father explained to his son that the man was not a clown and that even though his hair was like a clown’s, he wasn’t wearing a funny costume and wasn’t doing silly things to make people laugh With this new knowledge, the boy was able to change his schema of â€Å"clown† and make this idea fit better to a standard concept of â€Å"clown†. Stages of Development A childs cognitive development is about a child developing or constructing a mental model of the world. Imagine what it would be like if you did not have a mental model of your world. It would mean that you would not be able to make so much use of information from your past experience, or to plan future actions. Jean Piaget was interested both in how children learnt and in how they thought. Piaget studied children from infancy to adolescence, and carried out many of his own investigations using his three children. He used the following research methods: Naturalistic observation: Piaget made careful, detailed observations of children. These were mainly his own children and the children of friends. From these he wrote diary descriptions charting their development. Clinical interviews and observations of older children who were able to understand questions and hold conversations. Piaget believed that children think differently than adults and stated they go through 4 universal stages of cognitive development. Development is therefore biologically based and changes as the child matures. Cognition therefore develops in all children in the same sequence of stages. Each child goes through the stages in the same order, and no stage can be missed out although some individuals may never attain the later stages. Who really wrote shakespeare's work EssayPlay, dreams and imitation in childhood. London: Heinemann. Piaget, J. (1957). Construction of reality in the child. London: Routledge Kegan Paul. How to cite this article: McLeod, S. A. (2009). Jean Piaget | Cognitive Theory Simply Psychology. Retrieved from http://www. simplypsychology. org/piaget. html Further Information Sensorimotor Stage Preoperational Stage Concrete Operational Stage Formal Operational Stage Listen to a MIT Lecture: How Do Children Think? piaget audio clip Cognitive Development (Book Chapter) piaget pdf Piaget: Cognitive Development (Undergraduate Notes) piaget pdf Like The Site? Follow Us! print this page Comments (53) Sort by: Date Rating Last Activity +48 Nalin Danushkas avatar Nalin Danushka  · 112 weeks ago Information given in this site is more comprehensive and much useful for the researchers and rest of the academics who are studying on Piaget development theory. Report Reply +7 Masss avatar Mass  · 108 weeks ago I am writing an observation report on learning theory, and would be appreciative if you were willing to publish the references from which you took this information. Thanks. Report Reply 2 replies  · active 86 weeks ago +31 Staceys avatar Stacey  · 99 weeks ago I think thisi is absolutely amazing.. I had a lecture on this and i understood nothing.. i mean NOTHING.. within minutes of reading this I now have a rough idea of what the theory is about and i can relate it back to my lecture. Thank you ever so much. Report Reply +9 Viccis avatar Vicci  · 99 weeks ago Fantastic..!! Helped so much with my developmental psyc assignment.. Much Appreciated..!! Report Reply -4 Tori s avatar Tori  · 97 weeks ago Hi Saul, Im just completing some psychology coursework regarding information retrieval and would like to know your credentials? Many thanks Report Reply 2 replies  · active 97 weeks ago 3 s. js avatar s. j  · 97 weeks ago good job. very very helpful. Report Reply +2 Crystal Spearmans avatar Crystal Spearman  · 92 weeks ago The first stage that any human being goes through according to Piaget, is the schema stage. This is the foundation of where a child learns everything from. These building blocks are everything a child sees for the fir st time. The second stage is a transition stage in which the baby begins to associate schemas they have seen before to actual schemas. The last stage is four steps and each is a progression of applying the building blocks from which they originally started with. Piaget infers that adults minds come from their childhood schemas and the two minds are completely different. Piaget mainly deals with childrens minds and how they associate different things. Report Reply +6 Crystal Spearman s avatar Crystal Spearman  · 92 weeks ago Continued: Assimilation is when the child has seen something before and applies to the current situation. Association is where the child needs to decipher between what he or she has seen before and whether it matches what the child is seeing that instant. A schema is a learned idea in which babies acquire. Piagets ideas are more biased than others. He based these principles on his own children. He categorizes them based on their age. The ranges are from ages zero to 11 years and older. Everything stems from when a child is a baby. Parents have to be careful what they expose their children to as they may later on become bad habits or something parents wouldnt want their children doing. Piagets first stage of schema to the last stage of progression categorizes what children up to adults mainly become. The stages are pretty accurate. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational are the last stages in Piagets theory. Kids begin understanding and using logic and reasoning for thinking skills. They are not all about concrete things but begin to have better reasoning and judgement skills as they are maturing. They begin to think beyond the realm of the normal and begin thinking more deeply and intuitively. Report Reply +12 Joyces avatar Joyce  · 91 weeks ago Thank you for this great site. I was struggling to find a plain English explanation of Piagets theories for my Forest School Leadership portfolio work. This has hit the spot. Report Reply -3 Rubis avatar Rubi  · 89 weeks ago Thank you this help me so much to understand Piaget in a simple way. Report Reply 12345Next  » Post a new comment Comment as a Guest, or login: Login to IntenseDebate Login to WordPress. com Login to Twitter Name Email Displayed next to your comments. Not displayed publicly. Submit Comment Subscribe to print this page Article Content Schemas Assimilation Accommodation Stages of Development Educational Implications Critical Evaluation References Related Articles Sensorimotor Stage Preoperational Stage Concrete Operational Stage Formal Operational Stage Vygotsky Bruner  © Simply Psychology > About | Privacy Policy | Links | A-Z Index | Home